The PNG-Australia treaty: what went wrong?

Australia’s Anthony Albanese flew into Port Moresby this week expecting a big diplomatic win with his Papua New Guinea (PNG) neighbours: a long-anticipated Pukpuk mutual defence treaty promising joint security, shared training, cross-enlistment between militaries, plus a US$400M sweetener for things like sprucing up PNG’s parliament. 

In short, it’d upgrade Australia-PNG ties to a full-blown alliance (PNG’s first).

Instead, Albo (as he’s widely known) returned home with something much more mid: a statement promising the two neighbours will sign that treaty just as soon as they can. 

Maybe no big deal, right? They’ll cross those t’s and dot those lower-case-j’s, then sign.

Except… it’s the second delay of its kind in as many weeks, after Australia’s other US$330M pact with Vanuatu got put on ice.

So what’s going on here?

In military terms, an Australia-PNG alliance would be a bit like us becoming tennis doubles partners with Roger Federer — half the duo is a fair bit stronger.

So what’s in it for Australia?

Canberra talks about how rapidly Australia’s ✌️strategic outlook✌️ is ✌️deteriorating✌️, which is diplo-speak for crikey have you seen China’s military build-up. Beijing also rattled some in the region via its secretive security pact with Solomon Islands in 2022, and then again when it suddenly conducted live fire drills off Australia’s coast earlier this year.

But it’s not just hard power. China has also beefed up its regional influence via more infrastructure, trade, loans, and grants, all with fewer strings around, say, human rights.

So the Australians, caught out in 2022, have been hustling to counter China ever since, signing big pacts with Nauru and Tuvalu (and hoping Vanuatu and PNG might join) to avoid a Solomons repeat. They’ve used a mix of tactics, too, with levers across security, migration, and even sport.

So then… why the delays with Vanuatu and PNG?

Vanuatu has voiced concerns a big pact with Australia could jeopardise ties with China. And PNG is arguing it’s just a procedural thing, but there’s word it’s now quietly sending its defence minister to Beijing for a quick check-in before signing. Both Pacific nations have also flagged the importance of respecting their own sovereignty (PNG is celebrating its 50th anniversary of independence from Australia this week).

But the fear in Canberra is Beijing must have pressured these islands not to sign. Another consideration is the fact that, while Pacific Islands have voiced unease at being treated like pawns, they’re also now very adept at milking any competition for their own interests: Vanuatu’s deal, for example, is a massive upgrade on one it declined to ratify back in 2022.

Anyway, the likelihood this was all just a procedural hiccup will shrink with each passing week ahead.